Conformity Essay - 1203 Words

Describing a study on conformity Conformity is a form of social influence which involves a change in a belief or behaviour in order to fit in with a particular group. This change is in response to real (involving the physical presence of others) or imagined (involving the pressure of social norms / expectations) group pressure. SHERIF Muzafer Sherif (1935) conducted a lab experiment study on conformity in 1935. Sherif conducted this study by putting participants in a dark room and told them to watch a pinpoint of light and report how far it moved. However psychologists had discovered that a small, still light in a dark room often appeared to be moving and this was known as the autokinetic effect. The autokinetic effect is an†¦show more content†¦The study therefore rejects the dispositional hypothesis. The experiment had to be stopped after just six days instead of the planned 14 days, mainly because of the pathological reactions of the participants. Five prisoners had to be released even earlier because of extreme emotional depression. As a result of this is that even though the simulation was finished after only six days instead of the projected fourteen days all of the remaining prisoners were happy by the news, but most of the guards seemed to be distressed by the early end to the study and this showed that they had become too involved in their role that they now enjoyed the extreme control and power which they put into effect. Zimbardo referred to this as the ‘pathology of power’. In conclusion to his study, he found that people will willingly conform to the social roles that they are expected to play, especially if the roles are as strongly stereotyped as those of the prison guards. The â€Å"prison† environment was an important factor in creating the guards’ violent behaviour (however none of the participants who acted as guards showed cruel behaviour/ mentality before the study). Therefore, this means that the roles that people play can shape their behaviour and attitudes. ASCH Asch conducted a study to investigate the question ofShow MoreRelated Conformity Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pagesto Leon Mann, conformity means ‘yielding to group pressures’. Everyone is a member of one group or another and everyone expects members of these groups to behave in certain ways. If you are a member of an identifiable group you are expected to behave appropriately to it. If you don’t confirm and behave appropriately you are likely to be rejected by the group. Like stereotypes, conforming and expecting others to conform maintains cognitive balance. There are several kinds of conformity. Many studiesRead MoreEssay on Conformity and Rebellion834 Words   |  4 PagesA certain amount of conformity needs to exist in life in order to avoid disorder. This is the reason we have laws. Take those laws, rules, control, or even expectations, to an extreme, and some form of rebellion is probable. Struggle with these opposites, and you have a catalyst for war, or perhaps, being fired from a job. Literature represents life, and this theme can be found at the root of many literary works. â€Å"The Lottery,† by Shirley Jackson, reflects blind conformity by the villagers withRead MorePersuasive Essay On Conformity1016 Words   |  5 Pages Conformity is killing the beauties of individualities Should we blame society or ourselves for conforming? As a struggling college student, today we are continually attempting to fit in and discover their place and role in society. Drug and alcohol abuse are turning into the responses for us so we do not have to deal with the social expectations of society. 3 out of 4 of high schoolers have reported that school stress is the reason behind it (12 Keys Rehab, 2013). Imagine there were 4 people inRead MoreThe Battle of Conformity Essays1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe Battle of Conformity In literature, there are four main types of conflicts: man vs. man, man vs. nature, man vs. society and, the toughest one of them all, man vs. himself. In the novels The Kite Runner by Kahled Hosseini and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, both of the main characters have large conflicts with themselves. They battle with their conscience to figure out what’s right and what’s wrong. â€Å"So [they] beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past†Read More Social Conformity Essay528 Words   |  3 Pagesand its rules has a social impact on each individual. If people face with any kind of social impact such as group pressure, great part of them show conformity by changing their behaviors, ideas, decisions in expected way. A person conforms if he or she chooses a course of action that a majority favors or that is socially acceptable. Some kind of conformity is natural and socially healthy but obeying all the norms, ideas, and decision s without thinking or accepting is harmful for the society and itsRead MoreConformity and Individuality Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesConformity Speech I strongly believe that individuality should be valued over conformity. Today I will tell you how precious and rare individuality is, and why we should value it over conformity. As human beings, our lives are circled around a thin line that separates conformity and individuality. There are countless times when we are confused about whether our choice was made by others, or yourself. Deep inside, we all want to be liked; we all want to be loved, we all crave the warm feelings ofRead MoreEssay on Conformity and Political Control1353 Words   |  6 Pagesto others. Although there are many explicit forms of conformity, there are also implicit forms of conformity that affect the attitudes and behavior of people on a subconscious level. The major problem with the modern bi-partisan political system is that it is fundamentally built on the idea that people will conform to others that are associated with them socially. Chartrand and Bargh completed one of the more famous experiments on conformity in 1999 where they were able to illustrate that peopleRead MoreEssay on Consequences of Conformity in The Chocolate War492 Words   |  2 PagesConsequences of Conformity in The Chocolate War Throughout Robert Cormier’s The Chocolate War, the theme of the consequences of conformity, or nonconformity, is expressed. Although The Chocolate War was first published in 1974, this theme still pertains to the youth of today. This novel is timeless because teenagers will always face the choice of whether to be true to themselves, or to conform to what other’s expect of them. In response to this theme, David Peck states, â€Å"what this idea becomesRead MoreConformity and Its Meaning Essay478 Words   |  2 PagesConformity and Its Meaning This assignment focuses upon conformity and what it means to us. Conformity is defined by Zimbardo (1992) as A tendency for people to adopt behaviour, values and attitudes of other members of a reference group. Why people conform is a topic of much debate. People dont always conform for the same reasons, in 1958 Kelman identified three main forms of conformity, each of which could produce conforming behaviour but in differentRead MoreRelationship Between Family Size And Conformity Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesStage 1 Psychology: Conformity Investigation Subject Outline Topic - Influence and Social Interaction Hypothesis: Will those in group A with a higher number of siblings have higher campaign scores. (higher percentage in campaign scores more likely to conform). Research Question: Relationship between family size and conformity levels. Proposal: The following investigation is designed to determine whether there is a relationship between the number of siblings and conformity levels. As the investigation

Essay on The Media Violence Debate - 3490 Words

THE MEDIA VIOLENCE DEBATE Introduction Television and video games are favorite ways teenagers spend their leisure hours. Parents and teens themselves have wondered about their effects because of numerous concerns raised with regards to the negative influences that these form of entertainment bring. Many of today’s children grow up with a television at home or even in their own rooms and there have been studies dedicated to the analysis of their impact of a young child growing up to adolescence. Young children are heavily influenced by television and video games, many of which are educational. While there are fun educational shows and games that benefit educational†¦show more content†¦How the contents or messages come through changes the attitude of the viewers or readers. The messages that each kind of media exposes are dependent on person’s view. He compares movies and television in their manner of viewing and content saying that the visual presentation presents different types of influences. Medi a as a vessel of influential messages is an essential point to consider to every person who is into the broadcast and print industry. Video Games Violence Video games are a lucrative business anywhere in the world today, claiming US$ 10 billion in sales in the United States alone in one year. However, with this increasing sales come serious concerns about their effects on players, especially teenagers. Researches have been conducted to show the effects of video games on teenagers. Results prove that there is indeed a high possibility and likelihood of aggressive and violent behaviors to be manifested in some adolescents who frequently play violent video games. With these findings, public policy options for limiting distribution of these kind of games are being created; however, the creation and spread of more video games seem too many too stop. In 2006, the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) reported their findings on studies conducted on teenagers who play violent games. These young adolescents show long-lasting effects of abnormal brain functions which includeShow MoreRelatedFor years there’s been a contended d ebate on whether or not violence in the media harms children.800 Words   |  4 PagesFor years there’s been a contended debate on whether or not violence in the media harms children. On television, thousands of murders are being broadcasted to children who are in Elementary School, they are witnesses to hundreds of thousands acts of murder and general violence. In Media Now, ethics come to play and discussions regarding the question who is truly responsible for media effects comes into play? Watching too much violent TV and playing too many violent video games takes a toll on childrensRead MoreNature Versus Nurture Research Essay: Violent Behavior1007 Words   |  4 Pagesnurture debate is an ongoing debate among social scientists relating to whether ones personality/personal characteristics are the result of his/her inherited genetic traits or the result of environmental factors such as upbringing, social status, financial stability, and more. One of the topics that are discussed among psychologists is the study of violent behavior among people as a whole, and in particular, individuals. Social scientists try to explain why people commit acts of violence throughRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On The Media920 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing up in the 1970’s, violence in the media, and television in general, was reserved for late prime time programming and the 11 o’clock news. With deregulation of the broadcast industry in the 1980’s, under the presidency of Ronald Reagan, violence on TV became mainstream (American television, n.d.). With more channels to watch, the advent of 24 hour news, along with more content to view, the audience as well became increasingly younger. Alongside standard television programming, cartoonsRead More The Effects of Television Violence Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Television Violence Recent attention in the media relating violence and children has created much controversy and debate. Our society has brought much focus on violence in the media and how it has effected children of all ages and races. High school shootings and increasing crime in small towns all over the country has brought forth the question of whether or not children are exposed or desensitized to too much violence in television, movies, news, and other sources. ManyRead More Children and Violence: An American Media Controversy Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesChildren and Violence: An American Media Controversy As censorship of the American media has broken down over the years, the amount of violence allowed to be shown in movies, on television, and in video games has skyrocketed. From coast to coast in our nation, this saturation of hostility in our media has caused many contentious debates between scholars, parents, students and government officials alike. In this controversy, the central argument revolves around the effects violent media has on ourRead MoreFilm Films Of Alfred Hitchcock1372 Words   |  6 Pageswritten and produced, the relevant personnel decide which genre to adopt. Horror, science fiction and action are some of the categories for movies. In this paper, the focus lies on a 1960 Alfred Hitchcock film, Psycho where a theme comprising of violence, sex and phallic proxy will be discussed. This horror movie, which has won several awards, has continued to be listed among the best-produced films especially because of encompassing several themes. The story focuses on a secretary, Marion CraneRead MoreThe Effect of Violence in Media on Children Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pages In the book Critique of Violence ,author Walter describes Violence as The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, male development, or deprivation .The violence that is portrayed in the media has been debated for decades ,and it has rose a question about how does it influence the youth?. From movies toRead MoreMedia Violence And Crime Violence1168 Words   |  5 PagesMedia Violence and Crimes There are few debates that have been contentious for so long as the debate of whether violent medias contribute meaningfully to crimes. Because of the majority of shooting events committed by younger shooters, many politicians regard cultural effects as a potential contributing factor, while others dismiss media as a contributing factor. Within the social science community, a similar division exists (Ferguson, 2015). For example, some professional supporting groups, likeRead MoreDesensitization From Lack Of Discretion1614 Words   |  7 PagesCorruption While censorship is a topic of hot debate what’s important to remember is it shouldn’t be fueled by opinion. The risks of not paying this debate appropriate attention could be the rise of a tyrannical government, loss of freedoms such as our freedom of speech and our freedom of press, and a stronger presence of authority in our lives on the one side. On the other side our country’s moral fabric could come apart, there could be a rise in violence, and the innocence of our children is at riskRead MoreA Brief Note On Shootings Shooting And The 2012 Aurora Shooting973 Words   |  4 Pagespolitically driven issue that continues to divide law makers with passing laws. With this in mind, actors from the field of sciences have inserted themselves into the debate of gun control. With more and more research conducted in various science communities, these scientists along with advocates have begun to share their findings with media outlets in hopes of reshaping the public s perception of gun control (Bain 2012, 601). A study by the Harvard School of Public Health, conducted by David Hemenway

I want a wife Free Essays

She goes on to list all the specific things she would want from a wife for her children which Include keeping up with the their doctor appointments, washing the children’s loathes and keep them mended at all times, tend to their school for events and plays and to also make sure they have adequate social life with their peers. This Is the ideal wife every man dreams of. She continues on to say that she wants a wife herself so that she could go to school and further her education. We will write a custom essay sample on I want a wife or any similar topic only for you Order Now I do not agree that she wants a wife because in my opinion, a husband and wife should take turns doing the house chores, tending to the children and working. They made a commitment to one another to always be there and help each other out no matter what circumstances they are put in. My ideal husband would be one of the prince charming from the Disney movies. He would love to wake up next to me every morning and tell me to stay in bed so that he could cook breakfast and bring it to me while I lay in bed. He would be the husband that asks his wife to be a stay at home wife and mom, if we decide to have kids. We would go on trips all over the world together. He would love to go grocery shopping with me and cook with me or majority of the time for me. He would enjoy helping me with the laundry. He would be the kind of husband that would surprise e and plan a dinner date and would take me to a beautiful restaurant and would stop and buy me roses on the way. He would enjoy taking me see a movie or a play. He would play hooky and skip work Just because he wants to spend the day with me. My ideal husband would love being married to me and I would tell him every single day, for the rest of my life, that he Is the love of my life. I would enjoy showing him off to the entire world and for the world to know that he Is all mine. He would help with the kids; feeding them, bathing them, changing them, helping them with emperor, If we decide to have kids. He would be the kind of husband that would enjoy planning holiday trips with me to spend the holidays elsewhere, for Just the two of us. He would be the kind of husband that would love me for eternity. My Ideal husband would be my very best friend and would see me as the only human being he would ever love passionately and he would know that I feel the exact same way about him. I want a wife By titivation I Want a Wife In Judy Suffers-Brady essay â€Å"l Want a Wife,† she is explaining why she would what an ideal wife for herself. She starts explaining that the ideal wife will work, cook, which include keeping up with the their doctor appointments, washing the children’s and to also make sure they have adequate social life with their peers. This is the single day, for the rest of my life, that he is the love of my life. I would enjoy showing him off to the entire world and for the world to know that he is all mine. He would homework, if we decide to have kids. He would be the kind of husband that would ideal husband would be my very best friend and would see me as the only human How to cite I want a wife, Papers

Company Law Violation and Obligation

Question: Describe about the Company Law for Violation and Obligation. Answer: ASIC v Lindberg (2012) The present case signify that a director, acting in the power of managing director or chief executive, should be on high alert to examine any possible inconsistencies, mainly in the matter of high danger trade operations which have the possibility to cause the corporation severe harm. A director who does not meet his duty may be initiated to be in violation of the obligation of care and diligence. In the year 2007, a civil penalty proceeding was instituted by ASIC against Mr. Lindberg who was acting as the managing director of AWB Limited corporation. It was stated by ASIC that while acting in the capacity of the director of the corporation he has violated the Corporations Act 2001. As he was involved in AWBs Wheat trade with Iraq and there was a mis-utilization done by AWB of the Oil for Food Program which was administered by the United Nations. While in 2009, the tribunal initiated to listen to the trial, but after few days of the hearing, the events were adjourned in order to facilitate ASIC to modify its assertions which it made against Mr. Lindberg (Jade, 2016). The individuals, however, got themselves involved in a detailed negotiation and were arrived at on the contract to settle the proceedings. The settlement included Mr. Lindberg officially by admitting to four major violations of section 180 (1) of the Act concerning a failure by Mr. Lindberg to work out rational concern and the discharge of the other allegations which were made against him. Facts and Issues The decision of this case transmits to the extremely revealed measures connecting to AWBs suspected violation of a number of UN resolutions concerning Iraq. These declarations called on UN member states to avert the sale to Iraq of the supplies with some exemptions, which in compassionate situations included food articles. The Iraqi regime accesses to the unbreakable money were also denied by the UN states. The authorizations put in place the Oil for Food Program (OFFP), under which all the earnings which were made and received from the sale of Iraqi fuel were asked to be paid into an escrow account of UN. The resources were only be released from that account in order to pay for the importation of approved supplies, such as food articles. AWB was a major provider of wheat to Iraq under OFFP. The suspected violations which were made by UN resolutions were in connection with two major issues which include that: In connection to the wheat agreements the trucking fee of 10 % which was paid to a mediator corporation (Alia), was then approved on to the government as AWB facilitated the Iraqi government to get hard money. Furthermore, because a section of the pay for wheat which was obtained by AWB was intended to compensate for these payments, as it meant that the currency which was received from the UN escrow account was allegedly utilized other than for the payment for approved supplies. It was also asserted that a contract was entered upon by AWB with a third party, Tigris, in order to recuperate a balance of $8 million for the shipment of wheat to Iraq. The same was done by AWB by increasing the cost of wheat under OFFP agreements, which again resulted in payment from the UN escrow account for purposes other than payment for the approved commodities. Although, the contract was sanctioned by UN, but the increase of price and the purpose of the same was not being discussed. Furthermore, Tigris and AWB entered into an agreement which mis-leaded the payment of the recovered debt which was made by AWB to Tigris as a service fee. In accumulation, a wide range of actions were brought about by ASIC against Mr. Lindberg, including an action for a violation of his obligation to act in good faith while being in the position of a director. After a number of impediments and associated applications such as the applications to modify its declaration of assertions were made by ASIC, in late 2009 when the parties began a extensive procedure of cooperation in an effort to reconcile the act (Jacobson, 2012). Some other proceedings were also initiated by ASIC against other individuals, such as AWB's chief monetary executive, Paul Ingleby. The proceedings against the chief monetary executive were also advanced after which it was stated by Robson J that he has delivered a similar judgment in which he applied the principles which he had expressed in ASIC v Ingleby [2012] VSC 339. Rule and Relevant law Section 180 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (Hunt Humphry Project Lawyers, 2016) entails that; all the directors of the corporation or other officials must exercise their authority and fulfills their obligations with care and diligence (Legal Vision, 2015) (Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, 2016). Section 180(1) (Black, 2014) offers that a director and the officials of a corporation must exercise their obligations with the degree of care and diligence which a rational individual would carry out if he or she: Was a director or official of a company in the situations of the corporation; Held the office, and had the same obligations within the company as an official or a director of the corporation. The reasonable individual which was mentioned above was referred in order to point out an intended standard of care which was constant with the growth of the corresponding fiduciary obligation (Australian institute of Company Directors, 2016). The predictable danger of impairment was unprejudiced against the probable benefits that could practically have been anticipated to put an impact on the corporation from the behavior which was in question (Lindberg, 2012). The tribunal also takes into account the prejudiced constituents of the position of an official and the specific situations of the pertinent company in examining whether the obligation has been violated or not. Section 180 also includes a business Judgment Rule under section 180(2) of the Act (Legal Services Commission of South Australia, 2016). A Business Judgment Rule was defined as any verdict which was made to take or not take action in respect of a matter which was relevant to the trade operations of a company (ICAEW, 2016).The Rule requires that a person who was a director of a corporation to make a trade verdict in order to: Make the verdict in good faith and for an appropriate objective; Not to have a material private benefit in the subject matter if the verdict; Inform themselves about the subject matter of the verdict to the extent they practically supposed to be proper; Rationally believe that the verdict was in the best interest of the company (Barker, 2013). The requirements which were mentioned above must be satisfied by the director in order to satisfy the constitutional obligation of care and diligence in respect of the Rule which he owed while being in the position of the Director. Application ASIC and Mr. Lindberg were settled on the fact that ASIC would formulate assertions of the violation of section 180 of the Corporations Act against the director in connection to four particular and restricted circumstances the facts of which were agreed upon between the parties (Garrett, 2014). These were that the director of the corporation failed to: Initiate investigations and determine whether the recovery of money amounting to $8 million which was Tigris debt from the UN escrow account by increasing the cost of wheat to be sold by AWB under OFFP agreements which was divergent to UN resolutions, or whether it was to arise with the data and acquiescence of the UN; Inform the board of AWB about the fact that the internal Project Rose examination of the corporation was restricted to assessment of certain documents which were in possession of the company; interviews with the existing workers and that former workers who were likely to have relevant data had not been interrogated; Inform the Group boards of the company that the debt of Tigris has been taken by the increase in the cost for wheat which was done under OFFP agreements, or about the survival of the agreement which was entered among AWB and Tigris or those amounts under it were mis- described as a commission and a success fee; and Inform the board until 2005 that, he had been informed by the IIC that the executives of the Hussein regime had informed them that Alia was use to the channel finances to the government of Iraq, and that no corporation was excused from paying the 10% trucking fee by which the corporation had always made its payments and they had always been through Alia, and the cost of wheat under the agreements of the corporation which had been decreased because the agreement cost included this 10% kickback (Jacobson, 2012). In respect of the above mentioned circumstances it was stated that the director has failed to discharge his obligations and exercise his authorities being at the position of the director of AWB with the degree of care and diligence that a prudent individual would exercise of they held an office while being a directive in the situations of AWB. But the individuals who were party to the contract agreed upon the fact that none of the violations included dishonest intention, intentional wrongdoing, etc. Furthermore, it was also agreed upon between the parties that, although revelations in connection to the involvement of the corporation in the OFFP caused considerable injury to the company and it workers; but it was not possible to make out an informal connection among the harm caused and the agreed violations which were made by the director (Supreme Court of Victoria, 2012). Conclusion In the conclusion it could be stated by the judge that he was satisfied by the fact that Mr. Lindberg, while being in the position of the director of the organization has violated section 180(1) of the Act as it was admitted by his own (Bozinovski, 2016). He held that the violations were all analogous to an admittance of carelessness which was done by the defendant in carrying out his obligations which he owed to the organization being a director and the worker of the organization. Although, none of the violations incorporated premeditated unlawful acts, or any dishonest intention, but the defendant failed to carry out his obligations as sensible director or officer which he would have done in his circumstance. So, in connection to section 180, it has been stated usually by the judge that the provision of directors duty of care and diligence was considered to be of substantial importance in the area of corporate law and that the corporate structure in a market economy depends on the investments of the shareholders of a corporation which were being administered by the directors of the organization (Government of Canada, 2016). In connection to the penalties for such a infringement which was made by the director of a corporation, it was held by the court that the violations were severe and that both the time of disentitlement and the financial punishments which were put forward by the parties fell within the permitted range. Therefore, the adjudicator has exercised his power to entail the debarment and pecuniary penalties as agreed. The tribunal also reffered the case of ASIC v Donovan ((1998) 28 ACSR 500) stating that in this case it was held that in this types of cases severe means that the evasion or disregard must be crucial or important. The considerations which were mentioned earlier against the contraventions have considered to be severe. However, as a very experienced director of the corporation the defendant would have gained a good idea of what would have amounted to a severe violation and so his admission was considered to be of vital significance. So, at the end it could be stated that the case confirms that only restricted guidance could be gained about the proper time for disqualifying any person from the previous matters or from any mathematical formulas. And the verdict grants further guidance on the obligation of care and diligence of directors which was mentioned under section 180(1) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), following on from the current cases of James Hardie, Centro decisions. The pronouncement also restates that there were some significant doctrines which were made in connection to the obligation of financial penalties and ineligibility order which followed the violation of section 180(1). References Australian institute of Company Directors. (2016) General Duties of Directors. [Online] Australian institute of Company Directors. Available from: https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/resources/all-sectors/roles-duties-and-responsibilities/general-duties-of-directors [Accessed on 1/12/16] Barker, S. (2013) Directors Duties in The Anthropocene Liability For Corporate Harm Due To Inaction On Climate Change. [Online] Responsible Investment Banking. Available from: https://responsible-investmentbanking.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Directors-Duties-in-the-Anthropocene-December-2013.pdf [Accessed on 1/12/16] Black, A. (2014) NSW Young Lawyers Annual One Day Seminar - Business Law 2014 8 March 2014 Recent Developments in Corporate Law [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2014/17.pdf [Accessed on 1/12/16] Bozinovski, G. (2016) A Storm Warning Directors Duties in Tightly Held Companies. [Online]Broadley Rees Hogan. Available from: https://www.brhlawyers.com.au/news/a-storm-warning-directors-duties-in-tightly-held-companies/ [Accessed on 1/12/16] Commonwealth Consolidated Acts. (2016) CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - SECT 180. Care and diligence--civil obligation only. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s180.html [Accessed on 1/12/16] Garrett, J. (2014) The Directors Series: Part 2 - Fiduciary Duties. [Online] Moores.Available from: https://www.moores.com.au/news/the-directors-series-part-2-fiduciary-duties [Accessed on 1/12/16] Government of Canada. (2016) Archived Chapter 2: Duties of Directors. [Online] Government of Canada. Available from: https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cilp-pdci.nsf/eng/cl00692.html [Accessed on 1/12/16] Hunt Humphry Project Lawyers. (2016) Directors Duties in Relation to Company. [Online] Hunt Humphry Project Lawyers. Available from: https://www.huntandhumphry.com.au/directors-duties/ [Accessed on 1/12/16] ICAEW. (2016) ICAEW guide to the duties and responsibilities of directors. [Online] ICAEW. Available from: https://www.icaew.com/en/technical/business-resources/legal-regulatory-tax-governance/directors-duties/the-icaew-guide-to-the-duties-and-responsibilities-of-directors [Accessed on 1/12/16] Jacobson, D. (2012) ASIC v Lindberg (Awb) Update .[Online] Bright Law. Available from: https://www.brightlaw.com.au/asic-v-lindberg-awb-update/ [Accessed on 1/12/16] Jacobson, D. (2012) ASIC v Lindberg: Awb Penalty. [Online] Bright Law. Available from: https://www.brightlaw.com.au/asic-v-lindberg-awb-penalty/ [Accessed on 1/12/16] Jade. (2016) ASIC v Lindberg. [Online] Jade.Available from: https://jade.io/article/269532 [Accessed on 1/12/16] Legal Services Commission of South Australia. (2016) General Duties of Directors - Corporations Act 2001 (Ctth). [Online] Legal Services Commission of South Australia. Available from: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch05s01s03s02.php [Accessed on 1/12/16] Legal Vision. (2015) Directors duty of care and diligence. [Online] Legal Vision. Available from: https://legalvision.com.au/directors-duty-of-care-and-diligence/ [Accessed on 1/12/16] Lindberg, A. (2012) An Update From Australia AWB Wheat Kickbacks To Iraq Result In Sentences. [Online] FCPA Professor. Available from: https://fcpaprofessor.com/category/andrew-lindberg/ [Accessed on 1/12/16] Supreme Court of Victoria. (2012) Australian Securities Investments Commission [ ASIC ] v Lindberg [2012] VSC 332 (9 August 2012). [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/vic/VSC/2012/332.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=title(ASIC%20and%20Lindberg%20) [Accessed on 1/12/16]

He Goes a Sorrowing Who Goes a Borrowing free essay sample

He that goes a borrowing goes a sorrowing. (Benjamin Franklin) To borrow means to take and use something that belongs to somebody else, and returns it to them at a later time. But Is this as clear as Its presented In the dictionary? Does this action lead to unparalleled consequences? Borrowing Is a doomed cause. It ends with Its beginning, Like a closed circle and never lets you go away. It grabs you with Its tentacles, until It completely tears you to pieces, Like a rice beast, and then leaves you to the vultures and Jackals. People borrow things and money especially, when they are In need. But this need Is caused In most of the cases by persons laziness and foolishness. If the Individual Is ambitious and clever enough, he will never sink In the mud puddle of need. If he Is smart enough to Limit him and determine his needs to his abilities. We will write a custom essay sample on He Goes a Sorrowing Who Goes a Borrowing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even if you borrow with a good will in mind, an idea, what guarantees that you will be able to return what had been lent to you? Then you will have to borrow again, and again, and.. .Except if you take your life n your hands and manage with the situation by yourself, doing what is necessary. But now appears the question if you are able to earn and do things without any help, why did you have to borrow before? The answer is simple people dont like to work, dont like to give any of their energy, and because of this laziness, they pay it double after definite time. It is the same with the homework I was too tired to write And on the other day I had to write it ten times plus the homework given for the new day. Borrowing makes our lives unfortunate, but we are the one who borrow, so we face problem simultaneously.

buy custom Mayan Demise essay

buy custom Mayan Demise essay There is no doubt that The Maya are widely known for initiating civilization of Mesoamerica. Research suggests three periods characterized the Mayan civilization. The periods include the Pre-Classic between 300BC and 250AD, Classic Period 250AD and 900AD, and Post Classic between 900AD (Alex, 2007). All the periods were very significant in the history of Mayan civilization. However, around 750AD, during the post Classic period, the Mayan civilization witnessed a systematic collapse or demise. Subsequently, various theories, myths and tales have been postulated in an attempt to explain how this great civilization collapsed. A theory presented in Kerr's journal points at climate changes as the catalyst towards the disappearance of the Maya civilization (Mark, 2007). The Mayan agricultural system relied on clearing the rain forest and burning of the vegetation to provide land for various agricultural practices. Their population continued to grow and with time, the fields could not be left uncultivated or fallow for long enough to regain fertility. The fields were then overworked and production stifled, therefore, there was inadequate food for the local wildlife and this led to migration and scattering (Michael, 1992). Another theory suggests war as the possible cause for the decline of the Mayan system. Jared Diamond in his book How the societies choose to fail or succeed explains that the Mayan leaders used many of their resources to warfare, while simultaneously forgetting that resources were finite (Mark, 2007). This numerous warfare could have prompted the Mayans to flee discard and abandon their agricultural methods, which were conventional. With intense war and lack of food, Mayans may have fled for survival.New diseases could also break out causing mayhem because of war with strange new people. This might have resulted to the decline of the Mayan society. I tend to support the second theory on warfare as the most probable cause of the decline of the Mayan civilization. This is because it is possible for a government to make wrong decisions in warfare using laws that mislead the people and premises of justice (Alex, 2007). Every government has individuals who neglect their responsibilities hence hurting the people or even leading to distinction. It is therefore possible that the Mayan decline was a result of poor decisions by faulty officials. Buy custom Mayan Demise essay

AviationSafety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

AviationSafety - Essay Example Defining these and how they can work within a commercial flight can then provide different alternatives for flight. There are many that believe that aviation safety is currently a part of most commercial and government systems with flight. The systems that have been implemented from the beginning of most companies have to meet specific standards with the build and make of the airplane as well as through safety regulations that are required by most airports. More importantly, there is a constant that is always met with the training of pilots, flight decks and others that are in the crew. Since the standards and the consistency is based on the flights, many believe that new safety aviation programs are no longer required and are based on the implementation of marginal standards that have to be reached. Instead of focusing on the basic platforms, it has become a requirement for safety programs to be based on creating and implementing newer methods for safety. Using technology and improving the margins of safety have become the main consistencies for those that are in an aviation safety program (Youn g, Quon, 2007). The importance of aviation safety, since there are several standards and compliances that have to be matched, is now based on improvement of the various systems that have been used. There are two main components that are considered for those that are working within the aviation field. The first is training that is required for extra safety measures that need to be taken, such as improvements to the initial standards that have been implemented. The second area of training and implementation is based on newer technologies that are now being used to provide individuals with new compliances and standards. Each of the technologies is being used to provide more conducive results to safety while allowing communication and delivery within aviation to excel to new levels. The improvement of

American Politics and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Politics and Society - Essay Example There have been frequent replacements of justices who have kept the Supreme Court attuned to the side of majority opinion. This fact finds support both theoretically, empirically and practically. Chief justice Rodger Taney and John Marshall have been replaced in mysterious circumstances. These replacement mechanisms have not been proven to be effective since the American citizens have occasionally raised eyebrows to the decisions made by the Court. There has been a definite number of years that a chief justice should remain in power. Between 1972 and 2004, a new justice could be appointed after a period of 4 years (Olshansky, 2010, p 90). In the recent past, justices have been appointed even after a tenure of 2 years. This has destabilized the Supreme Court as gaps have been left. Public trust has been lost and the minority does not see any need to seek a relief of the court. The attitudes and moods of many Supreme Court justices have been seen to shift regularly and significantly ov er time. Literature on public opinion on judicial decision making has suggested that judicial attitudes and changes in moods do reflect external social forces. However, attitudinal changes may be common among the justices as it is contrary thought. In the United States, the Courts mandate and the power to strike down the set laws and regulations expounds why this institution has received much criticism as an anti-democratic Court. An American scholar, Alexander Bickel from Yale, once supported this hypothesis and said that the Supreme Court was a deviant institution in the democracy of America (Rossum, 2001, p 56). It is an enemy of democracy as it exercises control against the prevailing majority which is contrary to the basics of democracy. At the beginning of the Republic, the Supreme Court was weaker than the president and the Congress. It observed a lot of care to win the faith of the public by passing only two federal laws between 1803 and 1857. The words of Justice Sandra Day Connor, that the judicial independence was under threat of influence by the powerful, have come to pass. Those who framed the U.S constitution expressed their reservations that the Supreme Court will one day be a threat to democracy (Yalof & Dautrich, 2013, 89). This is because it was seen as an institution that lacked money and soldiers to enforce its decrees. They also refuted the idea that the Court was inherently anti-democratic. If the Court would strike down the state and federal laws, it will be promoting democracy rather than thwarting it. The Court has been on the opposite side of the perceived will of those who framed the U.S constitution. In summary, the U.S citizens have accepted a large duty of the judicial branch in its undemocratic nature. The inherent mistrust of concentrated, seemingly unlimited authority, has given many American citizens a pause. A constitutional amendment, despite its complex nature of changing it, is welcome to reform the Supreme Court. Any inst itution, which is an enemy of democracy, is also an enemy of the people. It is very dangerous for people to trust an institution which will eventually turn them down. The status quo of the U.S Supreme Court cannot propel the democracy of Americans to any notch higher. A judicial system should be nonpartisan and should consider the effect of

Environmental theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental theory - Essay Example ?s otherness’ requires not identifying oneself (or one’s own interests, or indeed humanity or humanity’s interests) with wider nature, and recognizing that wider nature is not merely an extension of human culture (i.e., its material resource). Similarly, liberal ‘political reasonableness’ requires accepting neutrality the level of the justification of principles of justice; one should not expect them to enshrine one’s own conception of the good† (1). With nature considered to be something existent unto itself, it must be considered within the framework of political liberalism. Having presented his argument and attempted to make it clear, the author then moves on to explore what he means more fully regarding ecological justice. This process starts with a more thorough exploration of what it might mean to take a non-instrumental view of nature and how to consider what it would mean to respect nature’s otherness. Essentially, he describes ‘nature as other’ as something â€Å"independent of, or not determined by, the significances attributed to it, and the modifications made to it, within local landscapes† (2). While he acknowledges that this is an imprecise definition, he also makes the case that it is precise enough for the purposes of his argument. To determine what it means to respect nature’s otherness, he then presents what he terms three fundamental truths that must be kept in mind. The first of these is that ideas of ‘awe and humility’ must be given priority over concepts of arrogance and superiority over nature as it simply exists. This suggests that humans should â€Å"maintain a respectful distance† from the idea of nature by avoiding making any express demands on it. This includes making any attempt to put its resources to meeting human consumption demands or to involve it as an object of human adoration. The two additional truths include the No Teleology Thesis and the Autonomy Thesis, each of which assert the concept

J.S.Mills One Very Simple Principle: An Analysis

J.S.Mills One Very Simple Principle: An Analysis How simple is J.S.Mills one very simple principle? In and of itself, the principle is entirely simple – it takes barely a line to be stated, and is easily understood. â€Å"The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection† (Mill,1869: pg 9). He goes on to explain exactly what he means, but that single line encapsulates the principle itself, without requiring additional clarification. Subsequent lines do not in any way contradict this statement, they merely emphasise. The principle by itself being simple, however, does not mean that its implications and ramifications are so straightforward; it may seem clear, but logical absurdities can be found – can paternalistic interference be justified when, for example, the member of mankind has no knowledge of how dangerous his activities are? The classic example is that of the bridge, which appears to be intact, but will collapse if a man steps on it. A direct an d literal reading of Mill’s principle would forbid anyone from interfering when a man unknowingly took a step onto this bridge – such an interpretation would not, however, be fair either to Mill or to the unfortunately ill-informed member of society. The principle is therefore simple to state, but not so simple to understand. It has its subtleties, and must be considered, rather than straightforwardly accepted. Before continuing, it is important to note what it is Mill is meaning with the word ‘freedom’ – referring to it without an accepted definition would at best be confusing, and far worse could potentially lead to a highly misleading understanding. Mill’s use of the word is value free. That is not to say that he has no morals, merely that when he writes, ‘freedom’ is not judged. It consists merely of the ability to act following one’s own desires. If one can follow these desires, one is free. If one cannot, he is not. There is no further weighting given to whatever those actions may be, whether they are buying a newspaper or committing murder – all that matters when it comes to ‘freedom’ is whether or not a person with the desire to carry out an action is permitted to do so (Scanlan, 1958: pg 198). Mill’s writings were concerned with power over the individual, but not merely with the legislative power of the state; he was deeply concerned with the moral force that society was capable of exercising over the individual. It was not merely the capacity of an over powerful government or monarch about which he wrote. The capacity for the tyranny of the majority over the individual also concerned him deeply. For this reason it is perhaps surprising that he installed caveats immediately after his principle; a man’s own good was a valid reason â€Å"for remonstrating with him, or reasoning, or persuading, or entreating† (Mill: pg 9). This level of input that Mill considered acceptable under such circumstances perhaps goes a long way towards mitigating the lack of any compulsive interference that he was willing to accept – in his eyes, a sufficiently great force of remonstration represented an almost compulsive effect due to societal forces, against which he f requently railed. Even though his principle would ban any actual compulsion, consideration of Mill’s normal arguing position reveals that he was prepared to permit events in the interests of protective paternalism which he typically considered to be undue influence over others. The interplay between state, society and the individual is a leitmotif of Mill’s writings, and merely because the theory he states forbids the state from carrying out an act does not mean that he does not feel it should be permitted; indeed, in this scenario when not only does he not forbid societal interaction, but positively encourages intervention of a kind suggests that he was willing to allow society to attempt to morally force people down a route which was less harmful to the individual concerned. The principle itself remains simple, but the context in which it is framed is significantly more complex. Joel Feinberg concludes that the state has a right to prevent self-regarding harmful conduct only when it is substantially non voluntary or when temporary intervention is necessary to establish whether it is voluntary or not. (quoted in Arneson, 1980: pg 470). In the example of the bridge referenced earlier, an ill informed member of the public stepping on a bridge which would collapse under their weight could not be said to be acting voluntarily; the state would be well within its rights in such a scenario under Mill’s logic to station a guard patrolling the area, to leap in and tackle such ill-informed people, stopping them from involuntarily taking the fatal step. If, however, they are running towards the bridge and shouting about how they know it will kill them, his logic would forbid the guard from taking any direct action. Whatever we feel about this compulsion to allow people to harm themselves if they so choose, it is a basic tenet of liberalism, that people know what the best for themselves is, and that interfering in their desire to pursue their own good in their own way is intrinsically wrong. This can, however, be harder to test than it would originally appear; what if the person is, for example, mentally ill? Indeed, if a person wishes to take an act which can obviously further their good but contains in it some degree of harm, or pain, we can easily understand both why a person, or state, would want to interfere and why they should be prevented from doing so. Yet if a person states that they wish to follow a course of action that will bring them no obvious benefit, and yet will clearly generate a great deal of harm, at what point should the state step in to take action? Is a mental assessment to determine their sanity unjust interference? After all, if a person is mentally unstable, surely they cannot truly be said to be acting of their own free will. Informed consent means more than merely knowing what the risks are, it means understanding what the consequences mean. Furthermore, Mill’s principle divides matters crucially into two areas: the personal and the public. Even if all the questions relating to the private are answered satisfactorily, the questions relating to public actions are somewhat greater: when a man acts, it will typically affect others, however mildly. If the impact of these effects is to infringe upon the rights or happiness of others, then the state and the people are justified, under Mill’s logic, in interfering with their actions. So what about the guard on the bridge – compelled to allow the suicidal to continue running, and then forced to witness their deaths? Could it be said that in order to prevent this mental anguish, the runner should be prevented from acting? Mill gives great consideration to various potential actions later in On Liberty, showing how his simple principle can be interpreted and used. The guard can of course turn away, and in Mill’s time such considerations would not have be en given much thought, so long before modern ideas about mental health. It is a question that would have been interesting to see Mill’s actual argument, but we must make do with merely applying his principle in order to find his likely answer ourselves. It is unlikely he would have wishes it to have an impact on the consideration of the action – after all, if it did then any serious act could be prevented simply by placing somebody there who would be injured by watching it. It is highly unlikely he would have even momentarily entertained this massive curtailment of individual liberty. There is not necessarily any need to over-think Mill’s principle by inventing wild circumstances and asking whether or not his decisions would still apply. Mill’s â€Å"one very simple principle† is, at the point of statement, very simple indeed; the only circumstances in which mankind may interfere in the liberty of another is in the interest of protecting harm to others. No action may be taken solely due to the apparent interests of the person whose liberty would be interfered with. This ban on paternalism assumes a high degree of freedom and responsibility, and more than that, in order to be applied simply it seems to assume a very high degree of knowledge, and to discount the possibility of mental illness at least that which cannot easily be tested. Feinberg attempts to account for this with his assertion that actions may be interfered with when a person is not acting voluntarily, or when it is not clear that they are acting voluntarily, and this is an appealing idea; when the hypothetical person is heading for the equally hypothetical damaged bridge, failure to ascertain whether or not they know that stepping on it w ill lead to death cannot be rectified after the fact. Interfering in their liberty whilst those checks are made may be odious, but it is merely temporary, and need not be seen as an infringement of Mill’s principle. Overall, the principle itself is indeed very simple; it is merely application in certain fringe circumstances which has any need to become anything to the contrary. References John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 4th Ed. Longman, Roberts Green, London, 1869 Richard J. Arneson, Mill versus Paternalism, in Ethics, Vol. 90, No. 4. (Jul., 1980), pp. 470-489. James Bogen; Daniel M. FarrelL, Freedom and Happiness in Mills Defence of Liberty in The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 113. (Oct., 1978), pp. 325-338. Clark W. Bouton, John Stuart Mill: On Liberty and History in The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 3. (Sep., 1965), pp. 569-578. D. G. Brown, Mill on Liberty and Morality in The Philosophical Review, Vol. 81, No. 2. (Apr., 1972), pp. 133-158. Robert W. Hoag, Happiness and Freedom: Recent Work on John Stuart Mill in Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 15, No. 2. (Spring, 1986), pp. 188-199. David Lyons, Human Rights and the General Welfare in Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 6, No. 2. (Winter, 1977), pp. 113-129. James P. Scanlan, J. S. Mill and the Definition of Freedom in Ethics, Vol. 68, No. 3. (Apr., 1958), pp. 194-206. J. Salwyn Schapiro, John Stuart Mill, Pioneer of Democratic Liberalism in England in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 4, No. 2. (Apr., 1943), pp. 127-160. C. L. Ten, Mill and Liberty in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 30, No. 1. (Jan. Mar., 1969), pp. 47-68.

Essay example --

Animals are so often forgotten when it comes to the many different levels of basic rights. No, they can’t talk, or get a job, nor can they contribute to society the way humans can. Yet they hold a special place in their owners’ hearts, they can without a doubt feel, show their different emotions, and they can most definitely love. In recent years there has been a massive increase in animal rights awareness, leading to a better understanding and knowledge in the subject of the humane treatment of animals. Where do humans draw the line between the concern of equality, and simple survival? It’s fair to assume there should be disparity between the way cats and cows are treated, or the way chickens and dogs are. Certain animals have their place in the animal kingdom, grazing animals like cows and chickens have historically been used as a food source since the concept of animal husbandry was introduced, on the other end of the spectrum cats and dogs have been domesticated and kept as common house pets. The suggestion that livestock have the same emotions and feelings as a typical housecat can be up to debate. Peter Singer states that the behavior of some apes, dolphins and dogs suggest they have emotions and desires. All of the evidence, or the lack thereof, leads to issues concerning the ethical treatment of all animals. Consumption is one of the biggest areas of disagreement in regards to animal rights. Throughout the world there are many different laws and regulations regarding the treatment of animals. Each country has their own set of standards, many of them religious and others more along the lines of common sense. While it is normal to regularly consume cattle meat (such as cow) in America, many Hindu Indians refrain from it... ... cancer, but don’t rub a new shampoo in their eyes, or feed them dishwashing liquid until they slowly and painfully die. Animals deserve fair and ethical treatment, however not necessarily equally. Non-human animals and humans are not one in the same, there is no way we will ever be defined and put in the same category. Humans have reference levels, the ability to reason and think logically. We have evolved to the point where we can study, contain, and determine the outcome of basically any animal on Earth, now it’s up to us to ensure they are treated fairly. All it takes is one’s voice to start a movement towards finding humane ways to butcher livestock to feed families, to help build a new law that makes shelters safer and cleaner for abandoned animals to live and have a second chance, and to help make popular those companies that don’t condone animal testing.